Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was produced from rice husk biomass (Oryza sativa) by a chemical extraction process to explore the potential aspect of agro-waste biomass in Australia. In this work

the delignified rice husk pulp (D-RHP) was produced by alkaline delignification of raw rice husk biomass (R-RHB) using 4 mol·L

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alkali solutions (NaOH) in a jacketed glass reactor under specific experimental conditions. D-RHP was bleached using 15% sodium hypochlorite

and the bleached rice husk pulp was coded as B-RHP. Finally

raw suspension of NCC was produced by the acid hydrolysis of B-RHP using 4 mol·L

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sulphuric acid. The raw suspension of NCC was neutralized by a buffer solution and analyzed by TAPPI

FT-IR

XRD

SEM

AFM

and TEM. FT-IR spectra of NCC are different to R-RHB but similar with B-RHP and D-RHP. From XRD results

the crystallinity of NCC was found to be approximately 65%. In AFM analysis particle thicknesses have been confirmed to be in the range of (25 ±15.14) nm or (27 ±15.14) nm which is almost the same. From TEM analysis particle dimensions have been confirmed to be in the range of (50 ±29.38) nm width and (550 ±302.75) nm length with the aspect ratio~11:

1 (length/diameter) at a 500 nm scale bar. On the other hand

at a 200 nm scale bar the particle dimensions have been confirmed to be in the range of (35 ±17) nm width and (275 ±151.38) nm length with the aspect ratio~8:1. The aspect ratio of individual crystalline domain was determined in TEM analysis which is 10:1 (100/10). Therefore the aspect ratios and dimensions of nanoparticles in NCC suspension are almost the same and in nano-meter scale

as confirmed from both AFM and TEM results. The yield of NCC from B-RHP was found to be approximately 95%

and the recovery of cellulose from R-RHB is about 90%.