Fouling caused by excess metal ions in hard water can negatively impact the performance of the circulating cooling water system (CCWS) by depositing ions on the heat exchanger's surface. Currently

the operation optimization of CCWS often prioritizes short-term flow velocity optimization for minimizing power consumption

without considering fouling. However

low flow velocity promotes fouling. Therefore

it's crucial to balance fouling and energy/water conservation for optimal CCWS long-term operation. This study proposes a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to achieve this goal. The model considers fouling in the pipeline

dynamic concentration cycle

and variable frequency drive to optimize the synergy between heat transfer

pressure drop

and fouling. By optimizing the concentration cycle of the CCWS

water conservation and fouling control can be achieved. The model can obtain the optimal operating parameters for different operation intervals

including the number of pumps

frequency

and valve local resistance coefficient. Sensitivity experiments on cycle and environmental temperature reveal that as the cycle increases

the marginal benefits of energy/water conservation decrease. In periods with minimal impact on fouling rate

energy/water conservation can be achieved by increasing the cycle while maintaining a low fouling rate. Overall

the proposed model has significant energy/water saving effects and can comprehensively optimize the CCWS through its incorporation of fouling and cycle optimization.