Immobilization strategies, supporting materials, and performance advantages of photocatalysts in ammonia synthesis

Su Qian; Wang Pengfei; Zuo Cheng; Jiang Jinghe

doi:10.1016/j.cjche.2025.10.001

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Immobilization strategies, supporting materials, and performance advantages of photocatalysts in ammonia synthesis

Updated：2026-03-13

- Immobilization strategies, supporting materials, and performance advantages of photocatalysts in ammonia synthesis
- Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 89, Issue 1, Pages: 157-186(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
  Shibei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Qingdao, Qingdao 266033, China
- Author bio：
  
  Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: 17854270427@163.com(C. Zuo)
  jiangjinhe2006@163.com(J. Jiang).
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1016/j.cjche.2025.10.001
  CLC：
- Received：11 August 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-10-13，
  
  Accepted：17 October 2025，
  
  Online First：25 October 2025，
  
  Published：2026-01
- Accepted：
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Su Qian, Wang Pengfei, Zuo Cheng, et al. Immobilization strategies, supporting materials, and performance advantages of photocatalysts in ammonia synthesis[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2026, 89(1): 157-186.
DOI：

Su Qian, Wang Pengfei, Zuo Cheng, et al. Immobilization strategies, supporting materials, and performance advantages of photocatalysts in ammonia synthesis[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2026, 89(1): 157-186. DOI： 10.1016/j.cjche.2025.10.001.

摘要

Abstract

Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process. It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions. While nanoscale photocatalysts offer enhanced performance due to their high surface area and abundant active sites

the

ir small size makes them difficult to recover and prone to agglomeration. These bottlenecks severely limit industrial application. A promising solution is to immobilize the catalysts onto support surfaces. This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in the design of immobilized photocatalysts for ammonia synthesis. It begins by outlining the key benefits of immobilization strategies

particularly in improving catalyst stability

recyclability

and overall photocatalytic performance. The working mechanisms and features of various immobilization techniques are then categorized and explained

covering physical adsorption/deposition

chemical bonding

in situ

growth

and hybrid physico-chemical methods. Supported materials and common substrate types are also summarized. Furthermore

the widely used configurations of photoreactors suitable for immobilized systems are introduced. Finally

the review identifies current research limitations and challenges

and offers perspectives on future developments in the field of immobilized photocatalysis.

关键词

Keywords

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