Fabrication, characterization and response surface method optimization for quantum efficiency of fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots obtained from carboxymethylcellulose of oil palms empty fruit bunch

Mohammed Abdullah Issa; Zurina Zainal Abidin; Shafreeza Sobri; Suraya Abdul-Rashid; Mohd Adzir Mahdi; Nor Azowa Ibrahim; Musa Y. Pudza

doi:10.1016/j.cjche.2019.04.003

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Fabrication, characterization and response surface method optimization for quantum efficiency of fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots obtained from carboxymethylcellulose of oil palms empty fruit bunch

Materials and Product Engineering | Updated：2026-01-06

- Fabrication, characterization and response surface method optimization for quantum efficiency of fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots obtained from carboxymethylcellulose of oil palms empty fruit bunch
- Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 28, Issue 2, Pages: 584-592(2020)
- Affiliations：
  
  1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia,43400
  2. Department of Computer & Communications Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia,43400
  3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia,43400
- Author bio：
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1016/j.cjche.2019.04.003
  CLC：
- Published：2020
- Accepted：
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Mohammed Abdullah Issa, Zurina Zainal Abidin, Shafreeza Sobri, Suraya Abdul-Rashid, Mohd Adzir Mahdi, Nor Azowa Ibrahim, Musa Y. Pudza. Fabrication, characterization and response surface method optimization for quantum efficiency of fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots obtained from carboxymethylcellulose of oil palms empty fruit bunch[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020, 28(2): 584-592.
DOI：

Mohammed Abdullah Issa, Zurina Zainal Abidin, Shafreeza Sobri, Suraya Abdul-Rashid, Mohd Adzir Mahdi, Nor Azowa Ibrahim, Musa Y. Pudza. Fabrication, characterization and response surface method optimization for quantum efficiency of fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots obtained from carboxymethylcellulose of oil palms empty fruit bunch[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020, 28(2): 584-592. DOI： 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.04.003.

摘要

Abstract

Bio based nitrogen doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were obtained from empty fruit bunch carboxymethylcellulose and ethylenediamine (EDA) through one-pot hydrothermal carbonization route. The optimum as-formed NCDs were thoroughly characterized via Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

high-resolution TEM (HRTEM)

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS)

UV-vis spectra (UV-Vis) and Fluorescence spectra (PL). Response surface methodology was statistically used to assess three independent variables that have major influence on the fluorescence quantum yield (QY)

including temperature (230-270 ℃)

time (2-6 h) and EDA mass (10%-23.3%). Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) results

synthesis temperature was found to be the most influential factor on the QY

followed by time and EDA mass. Higher temperature

long synthesis time and high amount of EDA were satisfactorily enough for efficient carbonization conversion rate and obtaining highest QY of N-CDs. The obtained quadratic model (

=0.9991) shows a good correlation between the experimental data an

d predicted values. The optimum synthetic parameters are of 270 ℃ temperature

6 h reaction time and 23.3% of EDA mass. The optimized as-made N-CDs exhibited blue photoluminescence with both excitation dependent/independent phenomena and high nitrogen content. The maximum emission intensity was 426 nm at a maximum excitation wavelength of 320 nm

with a QY of up to 22.9%. XPS and FTIR data confirmed the existence of polar containing groups

such as carbonyl

carboxyl

hydroxyl and amino groups over the surface of N-CDs whereas nitrogen species in the form of (pyridinic and graphitic-N) were introduced in the aromatic carbon domains

which imparts the hydrophilic and photostability of N-CDs. Taking into account the low-cost and sustainable production of N-CDs

this method considered a feasible route for converting low quality waste into value-added nanomaterials and utilizing for different functionalization processes and analytical applications.

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