smart or intelligent membranes that are able to respond to environmental stimuli are attracting ever-increasing interests from various fields. Their permeation properties including hydraulic permeability and diffusional permeability can be dramatically controlled or adjusted self-regulatively in response to small chemical and/or physical stimuli in their environments. Such environmental stimuli-responsive smart membranes could find myriad applications in numerous fields ranging from controlled release to separations. Here the trans-membrane mass-transfer and membrane separation is introduced as the beginning to initiate the requirement of smart membranes
and then bio-inspired design of environmental stimuli-responsive smart membranes and four essential elements for smart membranes are introduced and discussed. Next
smart membrane types and their applications as smart tools for controllable mass-transfer in controlled release and separations are reviewed. The research topics in the near future are also suggested.
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Bastnaesite carbochlorination process with fluorine fixation agents:An approach for low-waste rare earth extraction
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Coordinator of Research Group on Coal Processing and Utilization, Research Center for Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Ir. Sutami, Km. 15, Tanjung Bintang, South Lampung, Lampung Province