

FOLLOWUS
College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Polymer and Manufacturing Technology, Yantai 264000, China
*Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses:17568022691@163.com(G. Ren)
*Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses:hj_tian@qust.edu.cn(H. Tian).
Received:08 October 2025,
Revised:2026-01-19,
Accepted:23 January 2026,
Online First:16 February 2026,
Published:2026-07
Scan QR Code
Tian Pengfei, Shen Yunan, Hua Yuzhe, et al. Dual Mo and Se vacancies in dual S-scheme heterojunction suppress charge recombination and boost redox capability for simultaneous removal of tetracycline and Cr(VI)[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2026, 95(7): 113-128.
Mo vacancy (V
Mo
) and Se vacancy (V
Se
) are doped into Bi
2
MoO
6
(BMO) and ZnSe
respectively
while they are mechanically ground and mixed to fabricate the dual S-scheme heterojunction. The lattice distortion is observed at the interface between V
Mo
-BMO and V
Se
-ZnSe/CdSe (V
Se
-ZCS) while XPS results confirm the construction of the dual S-scheme heterojunction V
Mo
-BMO/V
Se
-ZCS (V
Mo
+
Se
-BZCS). DFT simulation demonstrate that the doping of V
Mo
and V
Se
lead to more electrons transferring spontaneously through the heterojunction interfaces and promote the IEF strength accordingly. Both
in-situ
XPS and fs-TAS characterization prove the presence of a fast photoinduced charge transfer pathway from V
Mo
-BMO to V
Se
-ZnSe under LED light irradiation. V
Mo
and V
Se
function as the holes trapping center in V
Mo
-BMO and the electron trapping center in V
Se
-ZCS
respectively
thereby effectively suppressing the electron-hole recombination
which enhances the redox capability of V
Mo
+
Se
-BZCS together with the fast charge transferring. During the photocatalytic degradation experiments for the wastewater containing both tetracycline (TC) and Cr(VI)
both the TC and the Cr(VI) degradation efficiency of V
Mo
+
Se
-BZCS are competitive under either LED or xenon lamp irradiation in comparison with some reported catalysts. Dual doping of V
Mo
and V
Se
were testified to amplify the bi-directional promotion effects (BPEs) between TC and
Cr(VI).
W. Shi, J.Y. Li, F. Gao, L.J. Meng, X. Su, Z.W. Wang, Strongly coordinating mediator enables single-step resource recovery from heavy metal-organic complexes in wastewater, Nat. Commun. 15 (2024) 10828.
U. Ghosh, A. Pal, Insight into the multiple roles of nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots in an ultrathin 2D-0D-2D all-solid-state Z scheme heterostructure and its performance in tetracycline degradation under LED illumination, Chem. Eng. J. 431 (2022) 133914.
X.W. Zou, B. Sun, L. Wang, H.C. Bai, X.C. Meng, C.H. Li, Z.Z. Li, Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline by SnS 2 /Bi 2 MoO 6- x heterojunction:multi-electric field modulation through oxygen vacancies and Z-scheme charge transfer, Chem. Eng. J. 482 (2024) 148818.
H.R. Zhang, L. Zh ang, S.S. Dong, X.G. Duan, D.Y. Zhu, B.J. Ni, C. Lyu, Regulating energy band structures of triazine covalent organic frameworks with electron-donating/withdrawing substituents for visible-light-responsive photocatalytic tetracycline degradation and Cr(VI) reduction, J. Hazard. Mater. 446 (2023) 130756.
J.T. Yang, F.Y. Chen, J. Hua, W.Q. Sun, Y.B. Tang, A new core-shell heterojunctionMIL-53(Fe)@ZnIn2S4 for boosted photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and reduction of Cr (VI) under visible irradiation, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 174 (2025) 114134.
Y.H. Wen, Á. Rentería-Gómez, G.S. Day, M.F. Smith, T.H. Yan, R.O.K. Ozdemir, O. Gutierrez, V.K. Sharma, X.M. Ma, H.C. Zhou, Integrated photocatalytic reduction and oxidation of perfluorooctanoic acid by metal-organic frameworks: key insights into the degradation mechanisms, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144 (26) (2022) 11840—11850.
S.J. Li, X.Y. Li, Y.P. Liu, P. Zhang, J.L. Zhang, B. Zhang, Interfacial engineering of a plasmonic Ag/Ag 2 CO 3 /C 3 N 5 S-scheme heterojunction for high-performance photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics, Chin. J. Catal. 72 (2025) 130—142.
D.Y. Ma, Q.Q. Xue, Y.P. Liu, F.L. Liang, W.Y. Li, T. Liu, C.Q. Zhuang, Z.W. Zhao, S. J. Li, Manipulating interfacial charge redistribution in Mn 0.5 Cd 0.5 S/N-rich C 3 N 5 S-scheme heterojunction for high-performance photocatalytic removal of emerging contaminants, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 243 (2026) 265—274.
J. Liu, Y.J. Xiang, Y.W. Chen, H.J. Zhang, B.J. Ye, L. Ren, W.F. Tan, A. Kappler, J.T. Hou, Quantitative contr ibution of oxygen vacancy defects to arsenate immobilization on hematite, Environ. Sci. Technol. 57 (33) (2023) 12453—12464.
B. Liu, N.H. Zhou, J. Liu, X.L. Wang, P.K.J. Robertson, X.Y. Chen, C. Chen, J.M. Luo, C.Y. Wang, Full-spectrum Bi@SrTiO 3 for bi-directional promotion effects on photocatalytic redox reaction: insight into intermediates and mechanism, J. Rare Earths 42 (5) (2024) 917—929.
N. Wang, H.T. Luo, L.L. Lu, P. Wu, G.D. Kang, J.Q. Chen, T. Xia, H. Zhou, S.H. Zhang, One-step calcination decomposition synthesis of Bi 5 O 7 NO 3 /β-Bi 2 O 3 for efficient degradation of norfloxacin: performance, mechanism and toxicity insights, Chem. Eng. J. 524 (2025) 169507.
J.C. Xu, X.D. Zhang, X.F. Wang, X.H. Wu, H.G. Yu, Charge self-regulation over in-plane two-dimensional/two-dimensional hetero-cocatalyst for robust photocatalytic hydrogen generation, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 675 (2024) 592—601.
J.C. Sin, S.M. Lam, H.H. Zeng, H. Lin, H.X. Li, L.L. Huang, S.J. Liaw, A.R. Mohamed, J.W. Lim, Integrating BaFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles onto N-doped Bi 2 WO 6 microspheres for eminent visible light-driven photocatalytic performance towards aquaculture contaminants and pathogens, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 692 (2024) 133905.
D.Y. Li, S. Hussain, Y.J. Wang, C. Huang, P. Li, M.Y. Wang, T. He, ZnSe/CdSe Zscheme composites with Se vacancy for efficient photocatalytic CO 2 reduction, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 286 (2021) 119887.
Y. Lu, Y.L. Yang, X.Y. Fan, Y.Q. Li, D.H. Zhou, B. Cai, L.Y. Wang, K. Fan, K. Zhang, Boosting charge transport in BiVO(4) photoanode for solar water oxidation, Adv. Mater. 34 (8) (2022) e2108178.
W.T. Song, K.C. Chong, G.B. Qi, Y.K. Xiao, G.W. Chen, B.W. Li, Y.F. Tang, X.Y. Zhang, Y.F. Yao, Z.Q. Lin, Z.G. Zou, B. Liu, Unraveling the transformation from type-II to Z-scheme in perovskite-based heterostructures for enhanced photocatalytic CO 2 reduction, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146 (5) (2024) 3303—3314.
S.J. Li, Y.Q. Zhao, X.L. Zhang, Y.P. Liu, T. Liu, W.Y. Li, Y.P. Hou, W. Jiang, B. Zhang, Floatable S-scheme Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 /C 3 N 4 /carbon fiber cloth with robust internal electric field for efficient photocatalytic antibiotic decontamination, Adv. Fiber Mater. 7 (6) (2025) 2032—2047.
S.J. Li, R. Li, K.X. Dong, Y.P. Liu, X. Yu, W.Y. Li, T. Liu, Z.W. Zhao, M.Y. Zhang, B. Zhang, X.B. Chen, Self-floating Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 /P-doped C 3 N 4 /carbon fiber cloth with S-scheme heterostructure for boosted photocatalytic removal of emerging organic contaminants, Chin. J. Catal. 76 (2025) 37—49.
Z.S. Chen, J.Y. Wang, M.J. Hao, Y.H. Xie, X.L. Liu, H. Yang, G.I.N. Waterhouse, X. K. Wang, S.Q. Ma, Tuning excited state electronic structure and charge transport in covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photocatalytic performance, Nat. Commun. 14 (1) (2023) 1106.
Y.X. He, J. Qian, P.F. Wang, T.P. Xie, D.D. Dionysiou, B.H. Lu, S.J. Tang, Synergized selenium-vacancy hetero geneous interface and carbon nanotubes for insight into efficient oxidation of pollutants via photocatalytic peroxymonosulfate activation, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 330 (2023) 122620.
B. Shen, H. Du, A.X. Liu, N.Y. Li, C. Chen, L.G. Shen, Y.X. Hui, R.B. Huo, Z. Zhang, Q. Wang, Interfacial electric field steering S-scheme charge transfer in MIL-88A(Fe)/polydopamine heterojunctions: dual-redox pathways for efficient pollutant mineralization, J. Clean. Prod. 523 (2025) 146458.
Y. Liu, H.T.D. Bui, A.R. Jadhav, T. Yang, S. Saqlain, Y.G. Luo, J.M. Yu, A. Kumar, H.D. Wang, L.L. Wang, V.Q. Bui, M.G. Kim, Y.D. Kim, H. Lee, Revealing the synergy of cation and anion vacancies on improving overall water splitting kinetics, Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 (21) (2021) 2010718.
J. Zhang, D.S. Yang, Z. Yang, L.L. Wang, Utilizing cationic vacancy defects to switch oxygen evolution mechanisms on atomically dispersed ru for enhanced acidic catalytic performance, Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy 364 (2025) 124845.
J.H. Zhao, Y.F. Wang, H. Liu, R. Zhang, W.L. Jia, J.H. Zhang, Y. Sun, L.C. Peng, Understanding the role of dual zinc and indium vacancies in ZnIn 2 S 4 for the visible-light-driven photocatalytic air-oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, ACS Catal. 15 (4) (2025) 3464—3474.
H.J. Chen, R.H. Xu, D. Chen, T.L. Lu, H.J. Li, M. Wang, Subsurface Mo vacancy in bismuth molybdate promotes photocatalytic oxidation of lactate to pyruvate, ACS Catal. 14 (3) (2024) 1977—1986.
J.T. Huang, T. Lin, L.Y. Lin, G.J. Ma, Z.Y. Zhang, S. Handschuh-Wang, A.Y. Meng, P.G. Han, B. He, Boosted charge transport efficiency for bismuth and oxygen dual vacancy-engineered BiVO 4 photoanodes, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 7 (22) (2024) 10710—10720.
L. Wang, Y.K. Li, Y.Y. Ai, E.C. Fan, F. Zhang, W.T. Zhang, G.S. Shao, P. Zhang, Tracking heterogeneous interface charge reverse separation in SrTiO 3 /NiO/NiS nanofibers with in situ irradiation XPS, Adv. Funct. Mater. 33 (44) (2023) 2306466.
L. Yang, X.X. Jiang, X.M. Jin, J.R. Zhang, R.Z. Li, Y. Luo, H.Y. Li, Yeast-templated in situ hydrothermal synthesis of carbon modified Bi 2 MoO 6 /Bi 2 S 3 microspheres with efficient photocatalytic performance, Ceram. Int. 50 (21) (2024) 42632—42644.
X.J. Yang, X.J. Li, B. Zhang, T.F. Liu, Z.P. Chen, Oxygen vacancies enriched hollow Bi 2 MoO 6 microspheres for efficient photocatalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 12 (17) (2024) 6519—6528.
M.Y. Wang, H. Yu, N. Yang, K. Yu, Ferroelectric polarization-electric field promoted S-scheme CdSe/Ba x Sr 1- x TiO3 for highly efficient solar hydrogen evolution, Sep. Purif. Technol. 354 (2025) 128919.
H. Wang, P.Y. Yang, W.J. Zhao, S.H. Ma, J.H. Hou, Q.F. He, C.L. Wu, H.A. Chen, Q. Wang, Q. Cheng, B.S. Guo, J.C. Qiao, W.J. Lu, S.J. Zhao, X.D. Xu, C.T. Liu, Y. Liu, C.W. Pao, Y. Yang, Lattice distortion enabling enhanced strength and plasticity in high entropy intermetallic alloy, Nat. Commun. 15 (1) (2024) 6782.
S.B. Cao, Y.W. Zeng, Y. Li, K. Da, W.T. Chen, J. Yang, X.M. Fan, The presence of Mo and O double vacancies in Bi 2 W 0.25 Mo 0.75 O 6 solid solution promotes photogenerated charge separation and molecular oxygen activation for efficient removal of gaseous toluene under visible light, Sep. Purif. Technol. 354 (2025) 128958.
A.Q. Wang, Y.K. Wen, H.D. Zhu, Z. Liu, H. Wang, W.N. Yao, Y.L. Fan, G.C. Xie, X. H. Chen, K. Yan, Q. Duan, Z.W. Jiang, M.M. Xu, Y.D. Wei, H. Lin, Oxygen vacancy mediated photocatalysis of Ti3C2 MXene quantum dots/W 18 O 49 hybrid membrane for peroxymonosulfate-enhanced oxidation degradation, Chem. Eng. J. 496 (2024) 154264.
L.Q. Zhang, Z.L. Jin, In situ proof construction of GDY/NiWO 4 /CdS double Sscheme heterojunction: improving charge transfer and promoting photocatalytic activity, Chem. Eng. J. 497 (2024) 154548.
R.Y. Zeng, C.C. Cheng, F.S. Xing, Y. Zou, K.N. Ding, C.J. Huang, Dual vacancies induced local polarization electric field for high-performance photocatalytic H 2 production, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 316 (2022) 121680.
C.L. Li, Y.F. Wang, S.R. Chen, W. Zhang, Z. Wang, Z.Y. Hou, Enhanced photoelectrochemical performance based on conformal and uniform ZnO/ZnSe/CdSe heterostructures on Zn foil substrate, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45 (15) (2020) 8257—8272.
M.W. Liu, W.H. Yang, R.S. Xiao, Y. Qin, R. Tan, Y.X. Chen, W.L. Gu, L.Y. Hu, Y.H. Lin, C.Z. Zhu, Anisotrop ic dual S-scheme heterojunctions mimic natural photosynthetic system for boosting photoelectric response, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63 (33) (2024) e202407481.
H.W. Zhu, H.F. Shi, J.P. Li, X.S. Qu, S.S. Zhao, H.S. Wang, A. Rong, Z. Chen, Construction of S-scheme Cs 3 PMo 12 O 40 /MnIn 2 S 4 heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic removal of antibiotics: degradation pathways, toxicity evaluation and mechanism insight, J. Alloys Compd. 976 (2024) 173072.
Y.S. Li, D.M. Han, Z.H. Wang, F.B. Gu, Double-solvent-induced derivatization of Bi-MOF to vacancy-rich Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 : toward efficient photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in water and HCHO gas, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16 (6) (2024) 7080—7096.
Y. Fang, Y. Cao, B.H. Tan, Q.L. Chen, Oxygen and titanium vacancies in a BiOBr/MXene-Ti 3 C 2 composite for boosting photocatalytic N 2 fixation, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 (36) (2021) 42624—42634.
X. Shi, W.D. Dai, X.A. Dong, Q. Ren, J.P. Sheng, F. Dong, Dual Cu and S vacancies boost CO 2 photomethanation on Cu 1.95 S 1- x : Vacancy-regulated selective photocatalysis, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 339 (2023) 123147.
W. Li, Z.L. Liu, Y.B. Dong, L.Q. Wang, Z. Liu, L. Zhang, Z.N. Qiao, Micellar interface modulation self-assembly strategy towards mesoporous bismuth oxychloride-based materials for boosting photocatalytic pharmaceuticals degradation, Chem. Eng. J. 450 (2022) 137897.
S.J. Li, C.J. You, K. Rong, C.Q. Zhuang, X.B. Chen, B. Zhang, Chemically bonded Mn 0.5 Cd 0.5 S/BiOBr S-scheme photocatalyst with rich oxygen vacancies for improved photocatalytic decontamination performance, Adv. Powder Mater. 3 (3) (2024) 100183.
A. Verma, S. Kumar, Y.P. Fu, A ternary-hybrid as efficiently photocatalytic antibiotic degradation and electrochemical pollutant detection, Chem. Eng. J. 408 (2021) 127290.
D.C. Jiang, S.N. Hu, Y. Qu, X. Tian, H.W. Du, C.H. Zhu, Z.J. Li, L.S. Yin, Y.P. Yuan, G. Liu, Infrared irradiation-lattice vibration coupling-initiated N→Π* electronic transition in carbon nitride nanosheets for increased photocatalysis, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (16) (2024) 2311803.
L.M. Jin, M. Deng, J. Gao, L.C. Wang, Q. Zhou, X.J. Tang, Q. Li, H. Du, D. Hao, Q. Wang, A crystalline triazine covalent organic framework with partial fluorination for efficient hydrogen peroxide production toward water treatment, Chem. Eng. J. 515 (2025) 163722.
Y.X. Li, W.L. Su, Y.S. Yang, L.X. Bai, J. Lu, W.K. Zhang, S. Wei, In situ topotactic formation of the pn-type inorganic intergrowth bulk heterojunction NiO(Al)/CuO(Ni, Al) for photocatalytic CO 2 methanation, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 341 (2024) 123282.
X.N. Tong, J.X. Shou, H. Song, Y.L. Wang, L. Huang, L.S. Yin, Ultrafast electron transfer from crystalline g-C 3 N 4 to Pt revealed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, Energy Fuel. 36 (19) (2022) 11532—11541.
C. Cheng, J.J. Zhang, B.C. Zhu, G.J. Liang, L.Y. Zhang, J.G. Yu, Verifying the charge-transfer mechanism in S-scheme heterojunctions using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62 (8) (2023) e202218688.
P.Y. Dong, K.J. Gao, L.H. Zhang, H.K. Huan, M.H. Xie, X.L. Yang, J.L. Zhang, Hydrogen bond-assisted construction of MOF/semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts for highly efficient electron transfer, Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy 357 (2024) 124297.
T.J. Ma, H.Y. Long, Z.H. Shi, Z.C. Lang, M.X. Zhao, S.Q. Zhang, C.S. Lei, Efficient photocatalytic degradation of TC under visible light with three-dimensional flower shaped N doped BiOBr/CuBi 2 O 4 , Opt. Mater. 143 (2023) 114175.
C.C. Wang, S.J. Li, M.J. Cai, R.Y. Yan, K.X. Dong, J.L. Zhang, Y.P. Liu, Rationally designed tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin/graphene quantum dots/bismuth molybdate Z-scheme heterojunction for tetracycline degradation and Cr(VI) reduction: performance, mechanism, intermediate toxicity appraisement, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 619 (2022) 307—321.
S.J. Li, M.J. Cai, C.C. Wang, Y.P. Liu, N. Li, P. Zhang, X. Li, Rationally designed Ta3N5/BiOCl S-scheme heterojunction with oxygen vacancies for elimination of tetracycline antibiotic and Cr(VI): performance, toxicity evaluation and mechanism insight, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 123 (2022) 177—190.
X.T. Kong, J.X. Ma, S. Garg, T.D. Waite, Tailored metal-organic frameworks for water purification: perfluorinated Fe-MOFs for enhanced heterogeneous catalytic ozonation, Environ. Sci. Technol. 58 (20) (2024) 8988—8999.
P. Zhang, N. Xiao, L. Yang, S.L. Liu, J.K. Wang, J.Y. Hu, Z.B. Tong, G.Q. Zhang, S. M. Ding, Y.Q. Yu, Active species trapping test for the mechanism study of photocatalytic dye degradation: a critical examination, Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 707 (2025) 120527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2025.120527.
J.B. Lin, B. He, X. Li, X.H. Wang, L.Z. Zhang, P.J.J. Alvarez, M.C. Long, In-situ formed Zr-phosphonate surface complex promotes peroxymonosulfate activation of single-atom Cu for efficient phosphonate oxidation, Environ. Sci. Technol. 59 (29) (2025) 15547—15557.
0
Views
0
Downloads
0
CSCD
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010102001993号