A highly robust fluorine-functionalized{Sn<sub>2</sub>}-organic framework for efficiently catalyzing CO<sub>2</sub>-Epoxide cycloaddition and Knoevenagel condensation

Zhang Tao; Wu Ruijing; Guo Guanyi; Cui Haibo; Liang Yurong; Zhang Xiutang

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A highly robust fluorine-functionalized{Sn₂}-organic framework for efficiently catalyzing CO₂-Epoxide cycloaddition and Knoevenagel condensation

Updated：2026-09-17

- A highly robust fluorine-functionalized{Sn₂}-organic framework for efficiently catalyzing CO₂-Epoxide cycloaddition and Knoevenagel condensation
- Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 95, Issue 7, Pages: 60-68(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  Department of Materials Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China
  Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomass-based Green Methanol Conversion and Hydrogen Utilization, Taiyuan 030008, China
  School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Author bio：
  
  *Corresponding authors.E-mail addresses:liangyr7103@aliyun.com(Y. Liang)
  *Corresponding authors.E-mail addresses:xiutangzhang@163.com(X. Zhang).
- Funds：
- DOI：
  CLC：
- Received：16 December 2025，
  
  Revised：2026-03-09，
  
  Accepted：19 March 2026，
  
  Online First：06 April 2026，
  
  Published：2026-07
- Accepted：
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Zhang Tao, Wu Ruijing, Guo Guanyi, et al. A highly robust fluorine-functionalized{Sn₂}-organic framework for efficiently catalyzing CO₂-Epoxide cycloaddition and Knoevenagel condensation[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2026, 95(7): 60-68.
DOI：

Zhang Tao, Wu Ruijing, Guo Guanyi, et al. A highly robust fluorine-functionalized{Sn₂}-organic framework for efficiently catalyzing CO₂-Epoxide cycloaddition and Knoevenagel condensation[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2026, 95(7): 60-68. DOI：

摘要

Abstract

Addressing energy crisis and environmental issues

fixing carbon dioxide (CO

) into value-added cyclic carbonates

via

cycloaddition reactions is the most energy-efficient technology for overcoming the chemical and thermodynamic stability of CO

. Herein

we report a robust fluorine-modified nanoporous framework of {[Sn

-TPTA)

]

·3DMF}

(NUC-165) (F

-H

TPTA= 2′

3′-difluoro-[1

1':4′

1′′-terphenyl

]

-3

3′′

5′′-tetracarboxylic acid). In NUC-165

scarcely reported binuclear clusters of [Sn

(COO)

]

unit are propagated

via

fluorine-functionalized organic modules of F

-TPTA

into a three-dimensional structure with a void volume of 45.2%

which displays three kinds of windows:0.63 nm ×0.90 nm

0.62 nm ×0.92 nm

and 0.65 nm ×0.6 nm along

and

axis. Interestingly

strong electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms are richly distributed the inner surface of the formed void volumes in the thermal activated NUC-165a

resulting in a Lewis acid-base functionalized hybrid material. Performed catalytic experiments confirmed that NUC-165a with the aid of

-Bu

NBr cocatalyst could highly catalyze the cycloaddition of CO

with epoxides under relatively mild conditions (

=0.9 MPa and

= 80 ◦C)

which should be due to that rich open Sn

sites and electron-withdrawing fluorine groups could separately activate the substrates of epoxides and CO

. In addition

Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes and malononitrile also c

ould be catalyzed

which should be because open Sn

sites and electron-withdrawing fluorine groups could activate aldehydes and malononitrile

respectively. Therefore

this work may provide an insight into improving the specific performance of microporous MOFs through pre-functionalization on employed organic modules.

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Keywords

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⁰

A highly robust fluorine-functionalized{Sn2}-organic framework for efficiently catalyzing CO2-Epoxide cycloaddition and Knoevenagel condensation

DOI：

摘要

Abstract

关键词

Keywords

references

A highly robust fluorine-functionalized{Sn₂}-organic framework for efficiently catalyzing CO₂-Epoxide cycloaddition and Knoevenagel condensation