中国化学工程学报

孙淑兰, 鲍晓军, 魏伟胜

. 2005, 13(3): 291-296. doi:

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In a spouted bed of 80mm in ID and 1700mm in height, the gas residence time distributions at different radial positions in both spout and annular area were measured with five different kinds of particles as spouting material, air as spouting gas, and hydrogen as tracer. The effects of superficial gas velocity, operating pressure, particle size and its category on gas residence time distribution were discussed. It was found that the gas velocity profilein spout was more uniform than that in annulus. It could be concluded that the gas flow in the spout could be treated as a plug-flow, while that in the annulus inhibited a strong non-ideal flow behavior. Increasing the superficial gas velocity and decreasing the operating pressure, the particle density and its size gave rise to spouting disturbance, thus the measured tracer concentrations vs. time curves fluctuated. The variances of residence time distribution curves could be taken as a measure of the gas luctuation degree.

不同三维微通道中被动混合特性的研究

刘演华,林建忠,包福兵,石兴

. 2005, 13(3): 297-302. doi:

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Based on the transport phenomena theory, the passive mixing of water and ethanol in different threedimensional microchannels is simulated numerically. The average variance of water volume fraction is used to index the mixing efficiency in the cases with different Reynolds number and different fabricated mixers. The results show that the efficiency of liquid mixing is progressively dependent on the convective transport as the Reynolds number increases. The efficiency of serpentine microchannel decreases with the increasing Reynolds number in the laminar regime. Altering the aspect ratio of channel inlet section has no significant effect on the mixing efficiency. Increasing the area of channel inlet section will cause the decrease of the mixing efficiency. The mixing in serpentine channels is the most efficient among three different mixers because of the existence of second flow introduced by its special structure.

DCV-GCMD方法模拟近临界条件下乙烯、苯与乙苯在圆柱形孔道中苯烃化反应条件下的吸附和传递性质

刘涛,刘洪来,袁渭康

. 2005, 13(3): 303-312. doi:

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A cylindrical pore model was used to represent approximately the pore of β-zeolite catalyst that had been used in the alkylation of benzene with ethylene and spherical Lennard-Jones molecules represented the components of the reaction system-ethylene, benzene and ethylbenzene. The dual control volume-grand canonical molecular dynamics (DCV-GCMD) method was used to simulate the adsorption and transport properties of three components under reaction in the cylindrical pore at 250℃ and 270℃ in the pressure range from 1 MPa to 8 MPa. The state map of the reactant mixture in the bulk phase could be dividded into several different regions around its critical points. The simulated adsorption and transport properties in the pore were compared between the different near-critical regions. The thorough analysis suggested that the high pressure liquid region is the most suitable region for the alkylation reaction of benzene under the near-critical condition.

旋流和旋流扩散燃烧的LES和RANS模拟

胡瓅元,周力行,张健

. 2005, 13(3): 313-317. doi:

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Turbulent swirling flows and methane-air swirling diffusion combustion are simulated by both large-eddy simulation (LES) using a Smagorinsky-Lilly subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence model, a second-order moment (SOM) subgrid-scale combustion model and an eddy break up (EBU) combustion model and Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes (RANS) modeling using the Reynolds stress equation model and a second-order moment (SOM) combustion model. For swirling flows, the LES statistical results give better agreement with the experimental results than the RANS modeling, indicating that the adopted subgrid-scale turbulence model is suitable for swirling flows. For swirling combustion, both the proposed SOM SGS combustion model and the RANS-SOM model give the results in good agreement with the experimental results, but the LES-EBU modeling results are not in agreement with the experimental results.

进口甲烷再燃烧对煤粉燃烧以及NO_x生成影响的数值模拟

张宇,周力行,魏小林,盛宏至

. 2005, 13(3): 318-323. doi:

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A full two-fluid model of reacting gas-particle flows and coal combustion is used to simulate coal combustion with and without inlet natural gas added in the inlet. The simulation results for the case without natural gas burning is in fair agreement with the experimental results reported in references. The simulation results of different natural gas adding positions indicate that the natural gas burning can form lean oxygen combustion enviroment at the combustor inlet region and the NOx concentration is reduced. The same result can be obtained from chemical equilibrium analysis.

采用增湿-去湿工艺的竖直列管式脱盐装置的实验研究

熊日华,王世昌,王志,解利昕,李凭力,朱爱梅

. 2005, 13(3): 324-328. doi:

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A vertical tubular desalination unit with shell and tube structure was built to perform humidification and dehumidification simultaneously on the tube and shell side of the column, respectively. The effects of several operating conditions on the productivity and thermal efficiency of the column were investigated. The results show that both the productivity and thermal efficiency of the column enhance with the elevation of the inlet water temperature. The flow rates of water and carrier gas both have optimal operating ranges, which are 10-30 kg·h^-1 and 4-7kg·h^-1 for the present column, respectively. Meanwhile, the increase of external steam flow rate will promote the productivity of the column but reduce its thermal efficiency.

非泡沫气泡分离法回收青霉素生产废水中的乙酸丁酯

孙兴华,常志东,胡欣,申淑锋,刘会洲

. 2005, 13(3): 329-333. doi:

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Two nonfoaming bubble separation techniques, air stripping and solvent sublation, are presented and discussed in order to recover butyl acetate (BA) from discharged wastewater after solvent extraction of penicillin. Results show air stripping is not suitable for the recovery of BA from the wastewater. Axial concentration of BA had a noted maximum point along the column. In contrast, solvent sublation is very effective to recover BA from the wastewater. In solvent sublation experiments, axial concentration of BA along the column first increased and then decreased from the bottom to the top because of two primary mass transport processes. One is the transport by adsorption or attachment to ascending bubbles, and the other is by dispersion at water-solvent interface and by water film in organic solvent layer. In order to elucidate the high removal efficiency in solvent sublation, the microstructure of the wastewater was studied with optic microscope, which was showed to be an emulsion of BA in water at large concentration of BA. Solvent sublation can be successfully used in the removal of BA from its emulsion in the wastewater. The surface tension of simulated solution composed of lysozyme and BA was studied to understand mutual effect of biological materials and BA. Results show that lysozyme affects the adsorption of BA at air-water interface and they may form a complex between BA and lysozyme molecules.

水性氯化物介质中对甲基苯烷基硫醚萃取钯的研究

杨立, 章正熙, 刘旭辉, 郭亚莉, 二井晋, 竹内宽

. 2005, 13(3): 334-337. doi:

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p-Methylphenylalkylsulfide of various alkyl chain length as extractant were synthesized and the extraction of palladium was examined in terms of equilibrium and kinetics. Distribution ratio of Pd was independent of alkyl chain length. For aqueous chloride media, there was a significant difference in distribution ratios for the solution of NaC1 and HC1. The results of loading test and the slope analysis suggest that the extractant and Pd (Ⅱ) form 2:1 complex. Furthermore, the extraction rate based on the volume of aqueous phase was obtained in a stirred vessel, and the rate equation was presented. Unfortunately, it was difficult to construct surfactant liquid membrane system by use of the present extractant.

浓度极稀物中回收微量重组分的精馏操作策略—准间歇精馏

罗祎青,袁希钢,杨祖杰,刘春江

. 2005, 13(3): 338-342. doi:

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A new operation policy--quasi-batch distillation for recovering infinitesimal amounts species existing in a mixture is presented. In quasi-batch distillation operation, feed is introduced with a constant flow rate onto the feed stage of the column, and the flow rate of the distillate is the same as that of the feed, whereas the bottom product is withdrawn periodically. The behavior of quasi-batch distillation is simulated and analyzed through an example on heavy water separation. Comparing with continuous or batch distillation, the new operation policy is more reliable and efficient to achieve higher recovery of dilute component. This is especially suitable for separating small amount of precious species from large amount of raw material.

PDMS渗透蒸发膜分离稀水溶液中苯的模型研究

彭福兵,姜忠义

. 2005, 13(3): 343-349. doi:

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A modified solution-diffusion model was established based on Flory-Huggins thermodynamic theory and Fujita’s free volume theory. This model was used for description of the mass transfer of removal benzene from dilute aqueous solutions through polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes. The effect of component concentration on the interaction parameter between components, that of the polymer membrane on the selectivity to benzene, and that of feed concentration and temperature on the permeation flux and separation factor of benzene/water through PDMS membranes were investigated. Calculated pervaporation fluxes of benzene and water were compared with the experimental results and were in good agreement with the experimental data.

MSMPR反应结晶器中地塞米松磷酸钠晶体生长模型的研究

郝红勋,王静康,王永莉,侯宝红

. 2005, 13(3): 350-354. doi:

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The reactive crystallization process of dexamethasone sodium phosphate was investigated in a continuous mixed-suspension, mixed-product-removal(MSMPR) crystallizer. Analyzing experimental data, it was found that the growth of product crystal was size-dependent. The Bransom, CR, ASL, M J2 and M J3 size-dependent growth models were discussed in details. Using experimental steady state population density data of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, parameters of five size-dependent growth models were determined by the method of non-linear least-squares. By comparison of experimental population density and linear growth rate data with those obtained from the five size-dependent growth models, it was found that the MJ3 model predicts the growth more accurately than do the other four models. Based on the theory of population balance, the crystal nucleation and growth rate equations of dexamethasone sodium phosphate were determined by non-linear regression method. The effects of different operation parameters such as supersaturation, magma density and temperature on the quality of product crystal were also discussed, and the optimal operation conditions were derived.

碳纳米管及C₆₀和石墨氧化动力学机理函数的分析

吕德义,许可,徐铸德,葛忠华,李小华

. 2005, 13(3): 355-360. doi:

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The oxidation of carbon nanotubes, C60 and graphite was studied by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and differential thermal analysis (DTA) technique, and the oxidation kinetic models of three carbon materials studied were analyzed by mechanism-function method. The results indicate that three carbon species adopt different oxidation mechanisms due to their different structures. The oxidation of carbon nanotubes with cylindrical structure follows contracting volume reaction mechanism [R3 mechanism, 1- (1- α)^1/3 = kt], indicating that the oxidation of carbon nanotubes takes place from the ends to the center. For graphite with planar sandwich structure, the oxidation starts at the edges initially and gradually moves toward the center, which corresponds to contracting area phase boundary reaction mechanism [R2 mechanism, 1 - (1 - α)^1/2 = kt]. The oxidation of C60 with spherical structure, however, is complex and apparently cannot be illustrated with a single kinetic model. The values of apparent activation energy obtained by the mechanism-function method are (145 ± 5) kJ·mol^-1 for carbon nanotubes and (193 ± 7) kJ·mol^-1 for graphite, respectively, while the value of apparent activation energy for C60 determined using Kissinger method is 91 kJ·mol^-1。

α-二亚胺镍溴化物/凹凸棒粘土负载催化剂催化乙烯聚合研究

严小伟,王靖贷,阳永荣,张雷

. 2005, 13(3): 361-366. doi:

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A nickel-diimine catalyst IN, N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,4-diaza-2,3-dimethyl-1, 3-butadiene nickel dibromide, DMN] was supported on palygorskite clay for ethylene slurry polymerization. The effect of supporting methods on the catalyst impregnation was studied and compared. Pretreatment of the support with methylaluminoxane (MAO) followed by DMN impregnation gave higher catalyst loading and catalytic activity than the direct impregnation of DMN. Catalyst activity as high as 5.42 × 10^5 g PE·molNi^-l·h^-1 was achieved at ethylene pressure of 6.87 × 10^5 Pa and polymerization temperature of 20℃ In particular, the morphological change of the support during MAO treatment was characterized and analyzed. It was found that nano-fiber clusters formed during the support pretreatment, which increased the surface area of the support and favored the impregnation of the catalyst. The investigation of polymerization behavior of supported catalyst revealed that the polymerization rate could be kept at a relatively high level for a long time, different from the homogeneous catalyst. By analyzing the SEM photographs of the polymer produced by the supported catalyst, the morphological evolution of polymer particles was preliminarily studied.

合成气制二甲醚三相淤浆床反应器的数学模型研究

张海涛,应卫勇,房鼎业

. 2005, 13(3): 367-372. doi:

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A mathematical model for a bubble column slurry reactor is presented for dimethyl ether synthesis from syngas. Methanol synthesis from carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide by hydrogenation and the methanol dehydration are considered as independent reactions, in which methanol, dimethyl ether and carbon dioxide are the key components. In this model, the gas phase is considered to be in plug flow and the liquid phase to be in partly back mixing with axial distribution of solid catalyst. The simulation results show that the axial dispersion of solid catalysts, the operational height of the slurry phase in the bubble column slurry reactor, and the reaction results are influenced by the reaction temperature and pressure, which are the basic data for the scale-up of reactor.

基于2次核SVM的单步非线性模型预测控制

钟伟民,何国龙,皮道映,孙优贤

. 2005, 13(3): 373-379. doi:

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A support vector machine (SVM) with quadratic polynomial kernel function based nonlinear model one-step-ahead predictive controller is presented. The SVM based predictive model is established with black-box identification method. By solving a cubic equation in the feature space, an explicit predictive control law is obtained through the predictive control mechanism. The effect of controller is demonstrated on a recognized benchmark problem and on the control of continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Simulation results show that SVM with quadratic polynomial kernel function based predictive controller can be well applied to nonlinear systems, with good performance in following reference trajectory as well as in disturbance-rejection.

约束优化控制的约束调整与目标协调及在重油分离器过程中的作用

邹涛,李少远

. 2005, 13(3): 380-387. doi:

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In this paper, the feasibility and objectives coordination of real-time optimization (RTO) are systemically investigated under soft constraints. The reason for requiring soft constraints adjustment and objective relaxation simultaneously is that the result is not satisfactory when the feasible region is apart from the desired working point or the optimization problem is infeasible. The mixed logic method is introduced to describe the priority of the constraints and objectives, thereby the soft constraints adjustment and objectives coordination are solved together in RTO. A case study on the Shell heavy oil fractionators benchmark problem illustrating the method is finally presented.

基于变长度移动窗口和HMM的工业过程故障在线诊断

周韶园谢磊王树青

. 2005, 13(3): 388-395. doi:

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An integrated framework is presented to represent and classify process data for on-line identifying abnormal operating conditions. It is based on pattern recognition principles and consists of a feature extraction step, by which wavelet transform and principal component analysis are used to capture the inherent characteristics from process measurements, followed by a similarity assessment step using hidden Markov model (HMM) for pattern comparison. In most previous cases, a fixed-length moving window was employed to track dynamic data, and often failed to capture enough information for each fault and sometimes even deteriorated the diagnostic performance. A variable moving window, the length of which is modified with time, is introduced in this paper and case studies on the Tennessee Eastman process illustrate the potential of the proposed method.

设计过程工业多杂质用水网络的计算方法

王东明,杨凤林,张兴文

. 2005, 13(3): 396-402. doi:

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This paper introduces a non-iterative algorithmic procedure to design water utilization networks with multiple contaminants in process plants. According to the water pinch analysis rules, the processes in water utilization systems were first divided into three groups, then water-supply priority algorithm was proposed. The results of case studies showed that the water networks designed by this method gave water consumption lower than that estimated by other approaches. In addition, the procedure was subiect to no limitation on the problem scale.

热管型船用吸附制冰机的设计

王丽伟,王如竹,夏再忠,吴静怡

. 2005, 13(3): 403-410. doi:

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A heat pipe type adsorption ice maker with two adsorbers for fishing boats is designed by using ammonia as refrigerant and compound of activated carbon-GaG12 as adsorbent. This type of heat pipe adsorber can solve the problem of incompatibility between ammonia, copper, seawater and steel. The working process of the ice maker with 8.7kg adsorbent per bed is simulated. The results show that the optimal semi-cycle time is about 9min at the evaporating temperature of -15℃, where the corresponding cooling power, specific cooling power per kilogram adsorbent SCP and coefficient of refrigerant performance COP are respectively 3.6 kW, 217 W·kg^-1 and 0.404.

双亲分子在油水界面的协同效应：Monte Carlo模拟研究

潘海华,李浩然,韩世钧

. 2005, 13(3): 411-415. doi:

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Amphiphile-oil-water system is complicated. The real behavior of amphiphile in the interface is still undnown despite that this behavior is very important in determining the stability of emulsion system. In this paper, the interface properties of amphiphile at oil-water interface were investigated by a square-lattice model Monte Carlo simulation method. The synergistic effect was found for hydrophobic and hydrophilic amphiphile mixture systems; and the synergistic effect disappears or was weakened as the amphiphile at the interface region became dilute with the increasing of temperature.

解脂假丝酵母中神经酰胺的积累研究

周全陈国强

. 2005, 13(3): 416-421. doi:

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Ceramides are a class of lipid molecules widely distributed in eukaryotic cells in small amount. To investigate the possibility of ceramide production by yeast, a yeast strain Yarrowia lipolitica was grown under different conditions including changing carbon/nitrogen ratio, and serine concentration, dissolved oxygen and presence of ethanol. It was found that increased dissolved oxygen supply increased the ceramide content in the yeast 2.5 fold of its normal control level. Ethanol treatment could also enhance ceramide accumulation by 3.3 fold compared with the control although the cell growth was negatively affected. Cellular redox potential was shown to affect ceramide accumulation by the yeast. This was possibly related to the cellular reactive oxygen species presented in the yeast.

一种利用脱氮硫杆菌的同步脱硫反硝化新工艺研究

王爱杰,杜大仲,任南琪,程翔,刘春爽

. 2005, 13(3): 422-425. doi:

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Thiobacillus denitrificans, a kind of autotrophic facultative bacteria, can oxidize sulfide into elemental sulfur or sulfate when nitrate was adopted asits electron accepter and carbon dioxide as its carbon resource under anoxic or anaerobic environment. In this way, nitrate is converted into nitrogen.In addition, Thiobacillus denitrificans can accumulate sulfur extracellularly. In this study, in a process of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification, a strain of Thiobacillus denitrificans is employed as sulfur-producer in the treatment of wastewater containing sulfide and nitrate. The key factors affecting this process are investigated through batch tests. The experimental results indicate that the sulfide concentration and the ratio of sulfide to nitrate (S^2-/NO3^-) in the influent are the key factors, and their suitable values are suggested to be 5/3 and no more than 300mg·L^-1, respectively, in order to achieve high conversion of sulfur.

剪切力影响药用蘑菇灵芝的细胞生长和代谢物生产

龚海刚,钟建江

. 2005, 13(3): 426-428. doi:

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By investigating the shear effect on submerged cultivation of a traditional Chinese medicinal herb Ganoderma lucidum, a relatively high cell concentration of 13.8 g·L^-1 by dry mass was obtained in bioreactor at an impeller tip speed (ITS) of 0.51m·s^-1. At an ITS of 0.51,1.02 and 1.53m·s^-1, a maximal production titer of intracellular polysaccharide was 2.64, 2.20 and 2.28g·L^-1 and that of ganoderic acid was 306, 299 and 273g·L^-1, respectively. Under these ITSs, the maximal mean projected area of dispersed hypheue was 3.70, 2.54 and 2.13 × 10^4μm^2, and that of pellets was 0.91, 0.67 and 0.55 mm^2, respectively. The information obtained is useful for efficient submerged cultivation of mushrooms on a large scale.

井冈霉胺对猪小肠蔗糖酶的抑制

郑裕国,申屠旭萍,沈寅初

. 2005, 13(3): 429-432. doi:

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As an important medicinal intermediate with broad uses, validamine, an aminocyclitol, isolated from the enzymolysis broth of validamycins, has gained more and more attention. The absolute configuration of validamine is similar to that of α-D-glucose, and it demonstrates powerful inhibition activity on glycosidase. In this paper, the inhibitory effect of validamine on porcine small intestinal sucrase was investigated. Validamine was found to be a potent, competitive inhibitor to porcine small intestinal sucrase in vitro with an IC50 value of 6.85 × 10^-4 mol·L^-1. Validamine exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition effect on porcine small intestinal sucrase, whereby the inhibition interaction of validamine and porcine small intestinal sucrase was a fast binding process. The inhibition of validamine on porcine small intestinal sucrase was pH-dependent.

超临界流体萃取脱除人参中痕量有机氯农药

李淑芬,王幼君,全灿,田松江

. 2005, 13(3): 433-436. doi:

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The feasibility of removal of the organochlorine pesticides residues of hexachlorocyclohexane(BHC) from radix ginseng with supercritical CO2 was explored. Some factors, such as extraction pressure, extraction temperature, and kinds of co-solvents were investigated. The experimental results indicate that it is possible to reduce BHC residues in radix ginseng to the level of 0.1 × 10^-6 with supercritical CO2 in the presence of suitable amount of co-solvent, such as water.

基于模糊CMAC神经网络的4-CBA软测量

杜文莉,钱锋,刘漫丹,张凯

. 2005, 13(3): 437-440. doi:

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Soft sensor is attractive in dealing with online product quality measurement by virtue of other easily measured variables. In AMOCO PTA (purified tereph thalic acid) production process, the unavailability of real-time measurement of 4-CBA makes it impossible for timely adjustment and thereby influences the product quality and the plant economy benefit. In this paper, a kind of FCMAC (fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller) method is presented to solve the online measurement problem. Different from the conventional CMAC (cerebellar model articulation controller) networks, which has inferior smoothing ability because of its table look-up based technology. Integrating fuzzy model into CMAC networks, it becomes more accurate in functional mapping without weakening its generalization ability. Numerical example and industrial application results show the method proposed here is satisfactory and feasible.